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Low-Level Light Therapy (LLLT): Science & Benefits
Low-Level Light Therapy (LLLT) is rapidly becoming known as a new, noninvasive treatment modality for both aesthetic and therapeutic purposes. The use of laser and/or light emitting diodes (LEDs) to nonthermally irradiate tissue in order to produce beneficial results in terms of skin rejuvenation, body contouring, wound healing, and hair restoration is an example of Photobiomodulation. What is the effectiveness of LLLT, and what are the current scientific findings regarding its utility?
LLLT Basics
LLLT produces its benefits through photobiomodulation, when low-level red and near infrared light stimulates cellular processes. The photobiomodulation of cells increases their energy supply through enhanced mitochondrial ATP production, and it creates a new environment in the hair follicle and skin that is anti-inflammatory. The resulting process is ideal for promoting skin healing, decreasing localized fat, and promoting hair growth.
Some of the most common uses of LLLT include:
1. Facial Rejuvenation/Wound Healing
- LLLT stimulates collagen production and cell metabolism, thereby improving skin elasticity and repairing damaged skin.
- It also has anti-inflammatory effects that can speed up wound recovery time.
2. Acne Treatment
- Combining LLLT with Blue Light Therapy has been proven to be effective against acne causing bacteria (P. acnes), by producing oxidative porphyrins.
3. Body Contouring/Fat Loss
- Although the mechanism is still unclear, there is some evidence to suggest that LLLT causes mitochondria to increase energy production, thereby potentially increasing lipolysis in fat cells.
- Numerous studies have demonstrated circumference decreases in areas treated with LLLT, however, these changes were not correlated with BMI decreases.
4. Hair Restoration/Alopecia Treatment
- LLLT has received FDA clearance for Androgenic Alopecia, therefore there is some evidence suggesting it stimulates the hair follicles.
- The mechanisms involved in this effect are still unknown.
Status of Regulation and FDA Clearance
In the United States, the FDA regulates medical devices based upon risk classification. Devices used for LLLT generally fall into either Class I or Class II and can receive 510(k) clearance; this means they have been determined to be substantially equivalent to other legal devices. Many authors incorrectly refer to this as "FDA approval."
Challenges and Limitations
While LLLT appears to offer a great deal of potential, there are several challenges facing the field. Some of the challenges include:
- Many studies on LLLT lack standardization in regards to methodology, control groups, and follow-up.
- There is significant heterogeneity among LLLT devices; therefore, making direct comparisons among them is challenging.
- Several studies funded by the industry raise the concern of possible bias.
- More high-quality, well-controlled clinical trials are needed to determine if LLLT is efficacious across all of the applications listed above.
Conclusion
LLLT offers tremendous potential for treating a variety of aesthetic and dermatological conditions, and represents a noninvasive option for patients. While the initial data support the application of LLLT, additional research will be required to solidify its position within medical practice. For further information regarding similar technologies, please see our articles titled red light therapy masks for wrinkles: do they work? and laser skin rejuvenation: the science explained.